Random-Linear-Network-Coding-Based Cooperative Reliable Transmission Protocol for Underwater Acoustic Communication Networks
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摘要: 针对水声通信网络中单源双汇多跳传输可靠性不足和冗余开销较高的问题，该文提出一种融合随机线性网络编码与协作转发的可靠传输协议(Network-Coded Cooperative Reliable Transmission Protocol for Underwater Acoustic Communication Networks, NCCRTP)。该协议构建多种传输模式，根据链路质量和剩余跳数计算不同模式下满足可靠性要求的发送预算，并结合结构收益评估选择更有利于编码信息互补利用的转发结构，使中继节点能够分布式积累并联合利用编码信息，从而提高多跳高误包率条件下的数据恢复能力。同时，NCCRTP采用轻量化编码表示降低编码头部开销，并结合冗余预算控制减少无效发送。仿真结果表明，相比基于向量的转发(Vector-Based Forwarding, VBF)、聚焦波路由(Focused Beam Routing, FBR)等典型路由协议与重复冗余传输、随机线性网络编码(Random Linear Network Coding, RLNC)等传输层可靠性机制组合形成的对比方案，NCCRTP在规则拓扑和随机拓扑下均获得更高的联合投递率；在中高误包率或多跳传输条件下，联合投递率最高提升约50%，等效单位成功投递发送开销最高降低约40%。Abstract:
Objective Reliable data delivery in underwater acoustic communication networks is constrained by high packet error rates, long propagation delays, limited bandwidth, and topology variations. In single-source dual-sink multi-hop transmission, the same data generation must be reliably delivered to two destination nodes, and single-hop packet losses can accumulate across multi-hop forwarding and joint recovery at the two destinations, making reliable delivery more difficult. Existing reliability-enhancement mechanisms, such as retransmission, redundant forwarding, forward error correction, and multipath redundant transmission, usually rely on predetermined forwarding structures or fixed redundancy configurations. These mechanisms have limited ability to exploit the complementary coded information distributed among multiple relay nodes, and therefore still suffer from insufficient joint recovery capability and high redundancy overhead. To address this problem, this paper proposes a network-coded cooperative reliable transmission protocol, namely the Network-Coded Cooperative Reliable Transmission Protocol for Underwater Acoustic Communication Networks (NCCRTP), for underwater acoustic communication networks. Methods NCCRTP operates on a generation basis and employs random linear network coding (RLNC) over the Galois field $ \text{GF}({2}^{8}) $. To reduce coding overhead, each packet carries a code identifier (CodeID) rather than the full global coding vector, and relay nodes recover the corresponding coding vector from a shared local dictionary. During hop-by-hop forwarding, NCCRTP generates forward candidates under a residual-hop decreasing constraint and adaptively selects among three transmission modes: SINGLE, COOP, and BRANCH. SINGLE maintains a shared forwarding process toward the two destinations, COOP enables two relay nodes to jointly utilize linearly independent coded packets, and BRANCH splits the transmission toward different destinations. For each candidate structure, NCCRTP estimates link success probability, computes the required transmission budget, and uses a two-hop structural utility evaluation to select the forwarding mode with a better tradeoff between recovery capability and transmission cost. Results and Discussions Simulation results show that NCCRTP achieves the highest joint packet delivery ratio (JPDR) under both regular and random deployments. In the controlled comparison with cooperative uncoded transmission (CU), single-branch uncoded transmission (SU), and single-branch coded transmission (SC), NCCRTP consistently outperforms the schemes using only cooperative forwarding or only RLNC, indicating that the reliability gain comes from the joint effect of distributed relay cooperation and linearly independent coded-packet recovery ( Fig. 5 ). When the packet error rate increases or the transmission depth grows from 3 to 7 hops, NCCRTP maintains a higher JPDR, demonstrating better robustness under lossy multi-hop conditions (Figs. 5(a) and5(b) ). In random deployments, vector-based forwarding (VBF) and focused beam routing (FBR) are each combined with packet replication (REP) or RLNC to form the VBF+REP, VBF+RLNC, FBR+REP, and FBR+RLNC schemes (Figs. 6 and7 ). In medium-to-high packet error rate scenarios, its JPDR increases by up to approximately 50%, while the equivalent transmission cost per successful joint delivery is reduced by up to approximately 40% (Fig. 6 ). These results indicate that NCCRTP improves dual-sink reliability not by simply increasing redundant transmissions, but by adaptive forwarding-structure selection, link-quality-driven transmission budgeting, and joint utilization of linearly independent coded packets.Conclusions This paper addresses the reliability and redundancy-overhead challenges in single-source dual-sink underwater acoustic multi-hop transmission by designing a cooperative transmission structure that enables random linear network coding to exploit distributed reception and complementary coded information among relay nodes. The proposed NCCRTP protocol adaptively selects SINGLE, COOP, and BRANCH forwarding modes according to residual-hop constraints, link-quality-driven transmission budgeting, and two-hop structural utility evaluation. In addition, a lightweight coding-vector representation based on CodeID is introduced to reduce the header overhead caused by carrying full global coding vectors. The protocol is evaluated under both regular and random deployments, and the results show that: (1) NCCRTP achieves the highest joint packet delivery ratio among all compared schemes, demonstrating stronger joint recovery capability for the two destination nodes; (2) under medium-to-high packet error rates or multi-hop transmission conditions, NCCRTP improves the joint delivery ratio by up to approximately 50%; (3) the equivalent transmission cost per successful joint delivery is reduced by up to approximately 40%, indicating that the reliability gain mainly comes from adaptive structure selection, transmission-budget control, and joint utilization of linearly independent coded packets rather than excessive redundant transmissions. Future work will extend NCCRTP to more complex multi-source multi-sink multi-hop scenarios, and further investigate its implementation and performance under node mobility and realistic underwater acoustic channel dynamics. -
表 1 不同转发结构下的发送预算约束
转发结构 接收约束 $ 1\rightarrow 1 $ $ \Pr \{{X}_{ij}\geq {K}_{g}\}\geq {P}_{0} $ $ 1\rightarrow 2 $ $ \Pr \{{X}_{i{{u}_{1}}}\geq {K}_{g},{X}_{i{{v}_{1}}}\geq {K}_{g}\}\geq {P}_{0} $ $ 2\rightarrow 1 $ $ \Pr \{{X}_{uj}+{X}_{vj}\geq {K}_{g}\}\geq {P}_{0} $ 2$ \rightarrow $2
COOP$ \Pr \{{X}_{u{{u}_{1}}} + {X}_{v{{u}_{1}}} \geq {K}_{g},{X}_{u{{v}_{1}}} + {X}_{v{{v}_{1}}} \geq {K}_{g}\} \geq {P}_{0} $ $ 2\rightarrow 2 $BRANCH $ \Pr \{{X}_{u{{u}_{1}}}\geq {K}_{g},{X}_{v{{v}_{1}}}\geq {K}_{g}\}\geq {P}_{0} $ 
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表 2 仿真参数列表
符号 含义 数值 $ {N}_{\text{node}} $ 随机拓扑节点个数 [50:50:250] $ \text{PER} $ 链路分组差错率 [0.1:0.1:0.5] $ c $ 声速 (m/s) 1500 $ {R}_{\text{b}} $ 通信速率 (bps) 100 $ {L}_{\text{pkt}} $ 编码分组长度(bits) 512 $ {L}_{\text{upd}} $ 链路更新分组长度(bits) 24 $ K $ 一代数据分组数 3 $ T_{\max }^{(1)} $ 单节点最大冗余发送预算 6 $ T_{\max }^{(2)} $ 双节点最大冗余发送预算 6 $ Q $ 每组参数仿真轮次 2000 $ {W}_{\text{pipe}} $ 虚拟管道宽度 (km) 3 $ {B}_{\text{angle}} $ 聚焦半波束角 (°) 35
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