面向液体中金属元素高灵敏快速检测的超声雾化辉光放电探测器设计与性能评估

丁宇; 许迦南; 庞茂原; 王雨行; 李锦怡; 于伟业; 贺义华; 李相初; 谭强; 刘鑫鑫; 周旺平

doi:10.11999/JEIT260436

面向液体中金属元素高灵敏快速检测的超声雾化辉光放电探测器设计与性能评估

doi: 10.11999/JEIT260436 cstr: 32379.14.JEIT260436

丁宇^{1, 2,},
许迦南^{1, 2},
庞茂原^{1, 2},
王雨行^{1, 2},
李锦怡^{1, 2},
于伟业^{1, 2},
贺义华^{1, 2},
李相初^{1, 2},
谭强^{1, 2},
刘鑫鑫^{1, 2, ,},
周旺平^{1, 2}

1.
南京信息工程大学自动化学院南京 210044
2.
南京信息工程大学江苏省大气环境与装备技术协同创新中心南京 210044

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金(62105160，62203225)，江苏省自然科学基金(BK20220443)，教育部地球物理勘探装备重点实验室(吉林大学，GEIOF 20240402)，青蓝工程项目

详细信息

作者简介:
丁宇：男，副教授，研究方向为激光光谱、测控系统、物质成分分析以及装备计量，邮箱　dingyu@nuist.edu.cn

许迦南：男，硕士，研究方向为微等离子体技术及成分分析

庞茂原：男，硕士生，研究方向为高重频激光诱导击穿光谱

王雨行：男，博士生，研究方向为自吸收免疫、自由定标激光诱导击穿光谱

李锦怡：女，硕士生，研究方向为远程激光诱导击穿光谱

于伟业：男，硕士生，研究方向为激光器及光谱仪上位机设计开发

贺义华：男，硕士，研究方向为激光诱导击穿光谱、小样本学习

李相初：男，硕士，研究方向为拉曼光谱

谭强：男，硕士，研究方向为激光诱导击穿光谱、大气颗粒物检测

刘鑫鑫：女，副教授，研究方向为网络化系统控制、滑模控制、智能控制及工业应用，邮箱　liuxinxin@nuist.edu.cn

周旺平：男，教授，研究方向为装备自动化、智能控制技术

通讯作者:
刘鑫鑫　liuxinxin@nuist.edu.cn

中图分类号: TN247; TM93
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2026-04-09
- 修回日期: 2026-08-26
- 录用日期: 2026-08-26
- 网络出版日期: 2026-09-01

Design and Performance Evaluation of Ultrasonic Nebulization Glow Discharge Detector for High-sensitivity and Rapid Detection of Metal Elements in Liquids

DING Yu^{1, 2
,},
XU Jianan^{1, 2},
PANG Maoyuan^{1, 2},
WANG Yuhang^{1, 2},
LI Jinyi^{1, 2},
YU Weiye^{1, 2},
HE Yihua^{1, 2},
LI Xiangchu^{1, 2},
TAN Qiang^{1, 2},
LIU Xinxin^{1, 2
, ,},
ZHOU Wangping^{1, 2}

1.
School of Automation, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
2.
Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center on Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China

Funds: The National Natural Science Foundation of China (62105160, 62203225), The Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BK20220443), The Key Laboratory of Geophysical Exploration Equipment of Ministry of Education (Jilin University, GEIOF 20240402), The Qing Lan Project

摘要

摘要: 水体中的金属元素主要来源于人为活动与自然过程，其组成与含量直接影响着生态环境与生物健康。针对水体中Cu、Na、K等金属元素的现场实时快速检测问题，本研究设计并开发了一种基于超声雾化辉光放电(UNGD)的高灵敏快速探测器。该探测器的超声雾化单元设计带有空间约束转接口的雾化导流腔室与可快速拆卸的雾化片固定结构，采用路径较短的气路，以达到液体样品的快速雾化和高效输送；同时，为了实现激发能量的集中，等离子体激发单元的钨针电极对采用180°对向共轴放置方式，构成点对点式的放电结构，对样品进行激发。本研究系统评估并确定了UNGD探测器的最优参数条件：放电电流38 mA、氩气流速0.5 L/min、电极间距1 mm、采样距离22 mm。在最优参数条件下，Cu I 324.7 nm、Na I 589.0 nm和K I 766.5 nm的检出限分别为141.29 μg/L、9.54 μg/L和12.05 μg/L，相对标准偏差分别为6.8%、6.1%和5.5%。此外，UNGD探测器对样品中共存的高浓度Ca、Mg、Zn、Fe、Co、Ni等离子具有良好的抗干扰能力。上述结果表明，本研究提出的高敏快速微型探测器可在无需额外样品预处理和驱动泵设备的前提下，实现快速进样与定量分析，为水体中Cu、Na、K等金属元素的现场实时快速监测提供了一种可靠且具有应用前景的技术支持，并有望进一步拓展至其他金属元素的检测。
- 金属元素检测 /
- 超声雾化 /
- 辉光放电 /
- 定量分析
Abstract: Objective Water is essential for all organisms and ecological systems, and the composition and content of dissolved metal elements, especially copper (Cu), sodium (Na), and potassium (K), are crucial for maintaining ecological balance and biological health. Cu is an essential human trace element that forms enzymes with functional proteins, participating in antioxidant, energy supply, and immune processes. However, excessive Cu in water—from industrial wastewater, feed additives, pipeline corrosion, and electronic waste leakage—harms human health, causing vomiting, hypotension, jaundice, and hemolytic anemia. Aquatic organisms and plants, lacking effective detoxification systems, are more vulnerable to Cu pollution, which damages roots, induces oxidative stress, and inhibits growth. Na and K are vital for nerve conduction, muscle movement, and fluid balance, but excessive intake endangers those with hypertension or renal/cardiac insufficiency, and their imbalance in irrigation water causes soil salinization. Conventional detection methods (ICP-MS/AES, AAS, AFS) have excellent sensitivity but are limited by large size, complex pretreatment, high cost, and professional operation. Atmospheric pressure glow discharge (APGD) shows potential for miniaturization, but existing APGD-based technologies (PN-APGD, SCGD) require expensive equipment or complex pretreatment. Thus, a highly sensitive, rapid detector for on-site real-time detection of Cu, Na, K without additional pretreatment or driving equipment is urgently needed. Methods A Ultrasonic Nebulization Glow Discharge (UNGD) detector was designed, consisting of an ultrasonic nebulization unit, a plasma excitation unit, and a spectral signal collection unit. The ultrasonic nebulization unit adopted a self-designed centrifuge tube-based diversion chamber with a detachable microporous atomizing sheet, argon inlet/outlet, and a space-constrained transfer tube to form a short gas path, reducing aerosol loss. The plasma excitation unit used 180° coaxial tungsten needle electrodes (cathode/anode) with a double-layer fixing sleeve, clamped on a 3D platform for precise spacing adjustment, powered by a high-voltage DC power supply with a 20 kΩ ballast resistor. The spectral unit included an optical fiber probe and a three-channel AvaSpec spectrometer for high-resolution signal collection. Performance was evaluated using Cu/Na/K mixed solutions: single-factor experiments optimized parameters; characteristic spectra for qualitative analysis; recovery rates for anti-interference assessment; standard curves, LOD, RSD, and CRM detection for quantitative verification; and comparison with similar technologies. Results and Discussions Qualitative analysis of a water sample (Cu: 5.28 mg/L, Na: 5.23 mg/L, K: 3.89 mg/L) showed OH (281.1～309.0 nm) and N₂ (315.0～406.0 nm) molecular bands, with obvious Cu (324.7 nm), Na (589.0 nm), and K (766.5 nm) characteristic peaks (Fig. 2); 324.7 nm was selected as Cu’s analytical line. Parameter optimization determined optimal conditions: discharge current 38 mA (Fig. 3), argon flow rate 0.5 L/min (Fig. 4), electrode spacing 1 mm (Fig. 5), sampling distance 22 mm (Fig. 6). Under these conditions, Cu, Na, K showed good linearity (R²: 0.9942, 0.9968, 0.9973), with LODs of 141.29 μg/L, 9.54 μg/L, 12.05 μg/L, and RSDs of 6.8%, 6.1%, 5.5% (n=11) (Table 1). Anti-interference tests showed 90%～110% recovery rates with 500 mg/L interfering cations (Fig. 7). CRM detection showed 89%～110% recovery rates, consistent with standard values (Table 2). Conclusions The UNGD detector achieves accurate quantitative analysis of Cu, Na, K in liquids without additional pretreatment or driving equipment. Its detachable atomizing sheet and short gas path improve sampling efficiency, while coaxial electrodes concentrate excitation energy. With excellent sensitivity, precision, and anti-interference ability, it provides reliable technical support for on-site real-time monitoring of water metal elements and has potential for extending to other metal detections, contributing to water ecological protection and biological health.
- Metal element detection /
- Ultrasonic nebulization /
- Glow discharge /
- Quantitative analysis

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图 1 (a) UNGD探测器示意图；(b) 微孔雾化片；(c) 雾化驱动电路；(d) 不同状态下放电区域的变化照片

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图 2 样品溶液在200～925 nm范围内的发射光谱

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图 3 放电电流对UNGD探测器检测信号的影响

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图 4 氩气流速对UNGD探测器检测信号的影响

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图 5 电极间距对UNGD探测器检测信号的影响

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图 6 采样距离对UNGD探测器检测信号的影响

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图 7 外来共存离子对Cu(a)、Na(b)和K(c)元素回收

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表 1 UNGD探测器测定样品中Cu、Na、K的测定结果

元素	线性范围 (mg/L)	回归方程	检出限 (3σ,n=11, μg/L)	精密度 (n=11,%)
Cu	0.53～95.11	y=606.62x+1979.42	141.29	6.8
Na	0.03～6.54	y=9370.04x+1646.95	9.54	6.1
K	0.02～9.72	y=4658.26x+500.93	12.05	5.5

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表 2 UNGD探测器对水质标样的测定结果

元素	CRMs	标准值 (mg/L)	测量值 (mg/L)	回收率(%)
Cu	GBW(E)080397	10.00±0.2	8.93±0.93	89.3
Cu	GBW(E)085689	100.00±1	97.49±1.87	97.5
Na	GSB07-3185-2014	1.09±0.04	1.01±0.11	92.7
Na	BWB2506-2016	2.00±0.2	1.89±0.17	94.5
K	GSB07-3185-2014	0.74±0.03	0.86±0.07	109.2
K	BWB2506-2016	2.00±0.2	2.13±0.31	106.5

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表 3 UNGD探测器与其他水样检测技术的LOD对比

技术方法	LOD (μg/L)			参考文献
技术方法	Cu	Na	K	参考文献
UNGD探测器	141.29	9.54	12.05	本研究工作
LCGD	360	-	-	^[29]
PN-APGD	140	10	-	^[27]
LCGD	-	20	200	^[28]
LAGD	-	7.57	6.21	^[30]

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