可见光通信的物理层安全：基础理论、关键技术及未来挑战

王金元; 曾智钊; 严新润; 林姿含; 李圆圆; 李峥; 张鑫

doi:10.11999/JEIT260338

可见光通信的物理层安全：基础理论、关键技术及未来挑战

doi: 10.11999/JEIT260338 cstr: 32379.14.JEIT260338

南京邮电大学通信与信息工程学院南京 210003

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目(62472233)

详细信息

作者简介:
王金元：男，副教授，研究方向为可见光通信

曾智钊：男，硕士生，研究方向为可见光通信

严新润：男，硕士生，研究方向为可见光通信

林姿含：女，研究方向为可见光通信

李圆圆：女，硕士生，研究方向为可见光通信

李峥：男，硕士生，研究方向为可见光通信

张鑫：男，硕士生，研究方向为可见光通信

通讯作者:
王金元，　jywang@njupt.edu.cn

中图分类号: TN92
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2026-03-25
- 修回日期: 2026-05-15
- 录用日期: 2026-05-15
- 网络出版日期: 2026-05-29

Physical-layer Security in Visible Light Communications: Fundamental Theories, Key Techniques, and Future Challenges

School of Communication and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China

Funds: The National Natural Science Foundation of China (62472233)

摘要

摘要: 与网络加密技术不同，可见光通信(VLC)的物理层安全(PLS)作为一种新型安全传输技术备受关注。由于存在显著差异，传统射频无线通信的PLS技术并不能直接应用到VLC中。近年来，国内外学者对VLC的PLS技术进行了研究。遗憾的是，VLC的PLS技术所涉及的基础理论、关键技术以及未来挑战尚缺乏系统性的梳理。基于此，该文建立了VLC的PLS系统模型，构建了包括瞬时性能指标、统计性能指标和渐近性能指标的性能评估综合理论体系，进一步讨论了安全波束成形技术、人工辅助技术、物理区域防护技术、安全编码技术、安全分集技术等各种PLS性能提升关键技术，并结合当前研究的局限性对未来工作进行了展望。
- 可见光通信 /
- 物理层安全 /
- 性能评估 /
- 性能提升
Abstract: Significance Because optical signals are broadcast, information security is a key research issue in Visible Light Communications (VLC). Conventional encryption techniques address network security at the upper layers of the protocol stack through access control, cryptographic protection, and end-to-end encryption. However, their security depends on the assumption that eavesdroppers have limited computational capability. This assumption is increasingly challenged by advances in high-performance and quantum computing. In recent years, Physical-Layer Security (PLS) has emerged as a new secure transmission paradigm and has drawn wide research attention. PLS uses the randomness, heterogeneity, and differences between the main channel and the eavesdropping channel to support secure information transmission at the physical layer. Substantial progress has been made in PLS for Radio Frequency Wireless Communication (RFWC). However, because VLC differs from RFWC in frequency band, transmitted signal form, power representation, and channel characteristics, PLS results obtained for RFWC systems cannot be directly applied to VLC. Although many studies have examined VLC PLS technologies, their fundamental theories, key techniques, and future challenges have not yet been systematically reviewed. To fill this gap, this paper presents a comprehensive survey of VLC PLS. Progress To evaluate and improve system performance, a classic VLC PLS system model is first established. This model consists of the received signal model, input constraint model, and channel gain model. A comprehensive theoretical framework for performance evaluation is then developed. The framework covers instantaneous, statistical, and asymptotic performance metrics. For instantaneous performance, existing studies on instantaneous secrecy capacity and instantaneous secrecy rate under different scenarios are summarized. For statistical performance, average secrecy capacity, average secrecy rate, secrecy outage probability, probability of strictly positive secrecy capacity, and intercept probability are analyzed. For asymptotic performance, secrecy diversity order and secrecy degrees of freedom are discussed. In addition, key techniques for improving PLS performance are reviewed, including secure beamforming, artificial-aided techniques, physical region protection, secure coding, and secure diversity. Prospects Despite recent progress, several challenges remain in VLC PLS. Four major challenges are identified in this paper. (1) Accurate PLS performance limits. Deriving exact expressions for secrecy capacity under the unique physical constraints of VLC remains difficult. (2) Incomplete evaluation framework. Some key metrics widely used in RFWC have not been fully studied in VLC, and a comprehensive VLC PLS performance evaluation framework remains to be developed. (3) Limitations of existing methods. Conventional PLS performance enhancement methods typically follow a separated research paradigm of modeling, optimization, and verification. This paradigm may lead to a cycle of inaccurate modeling, suboptimal solutions, and limited performance gains. Therefore, new technologies, such as deep learning, reinforcement learning, and digital twins, should be integrated to build a data- and model-driven framework for VLC PLS performance enhancement. (4) Hardware platform gap. The lack of dedicated hardware platforms with adversarial topologies and real-time processing capability hinders the practical deployment of VLC PLS technologies. Addressing these challenges is essential for moving VLC PLS from theoretical research toward commercial applications. Conclusions The broadcast nature of optical signals makes VLC systems vulnerable to eavesdropping attacks. This paper presents a comprehensive survey of PLS in VLC. The survey covers system models, performance metrics, and key performance enhancement technologies. The reviewed performance metrics include instantaneous, statistical, and asymptotic metrics. The reviewed enhancement techniques include secure beamforming, artificial-aided techniques, physical region protection, secure coding, and secure diversity. Although substantial progress has been achieved, challenges remain in accurate performance limits, complete evaluation frameworks, new enhancement techniques, and practical hardware implementation. By exploiting channel differences at the physical layer without relying on complex encryption, PLS provides a promising security mechanism for next-generation secure and reliable VLC networks.
- Visible light communications /
- Physical-layer security /
- Performance evaluation /
- Performance enhancement

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图 1 典型3节点VLC PLS系统

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图 2 Alice、Bob和Eve之间的相对位置关系

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图 3 VLC PLS性能评估基础理论体系

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图 4 RFWC中瞬时保密容量分析方法总结

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图 5 文献[21]所得的瞬时保密容量结果

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图 6 VLC PLS性能提升关键技术

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图 7 物理层信道编码与物理层安全编码对比示意图

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表 1 VLC瞬时保密容量界的研究工作

典型文献	系统场景	求解方法	所得保密容量界
[21]	SISO VLC	变分法、熵幂不等式和保密容量的对偶表达式	下界：(7)、(8)、(19)、(20)；上界：(16)、(26)
[22]	水到空气跨介质VLC	文献[21]所得结果	下界：(22)；上界：(23)
[23]	车辆VLC	不等式放缩、文献[6]所得结果	下界：(8)、(10)；上界：(12)、(13)
[24]	干扰机和智能反射面辅助的VLC	文献[21]所得结果、熵幂不等式、变分法	下界：(14)、(15)、(17)
[25]	相关噪声下的VLC	变分法、保密容量对偶表达式、最优输入分布逃逸到无穷远处	下界：(14)、(16)；上界：(21)、(31)
[26]	MISO VLC	不等式放缩、文献[6]所得结果	下界：(9)、(10)；上界：(11)
[27]	中继辅助的VLC	文献[26]的结果	下界：(12b)；上界：(12a)

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表 2 VLC瞬时保密速率的研究工作

条件	输入分布/调制方式/传输方案	典型文献
给定输入PDF	均匀分布	[26,28,29]
	截断高斯分布	[30]
	广义截断高斯分布	[31]
	离散输入分布	[32]
给定调制方式	广义空间移位键控	[33]
	差分混沌调制	[34]
	光学OFDM	[35]
给定传输方案	最大比合并方案	[36]

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表 3 具有随机位置终端的安全VLC研究工作

典型文献	发射机		合法接收机		窃听者
典型文献	数量	位置	数量	位置	数量	位置
[37]	一个	固定	一个	均匀	多个	齐次PPP
[36,38]	一个	固定	一个	BPP	多个	齐次PPP
[39]	多个	齐次PPP	一个	齐次PPP	多个	齐次PPP
[40]	多个	固定	一个	固定	多个	齐次/非齐次PPP

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表 4 VLC安全波束成形的研究工作

分类	典型文献	核心方法	特征
最优的安全波束成形	[26]	有效集法或内点法	通过添加直流偏置保证信号非负性的VLC系统
	[29]	二分查找算法	通过添加直流偏置保证信号非负性的VLC系统
	[46]	迭代优化算法	直接考虑信号非负性的VLC系统
	[47,48]	联合半正定规划和惩罚函数的算法	直接考虑信号非负性的VLC系统
	[49]	半正定规划松弛和S引理	光能同传场景
	[40]	凸凹法	随机窃听者场景
	[50]	破零算法	多色调制场景
	[51]	深度强化学习	典型MISO场景
鲁棒的安全波束成形	[26]	二阶泰勒展开和二次规划	窃听者位置不完美性
鲁棒的安全波束成形	[29,46–49]	凸优化方法	信道增益不完美性

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表 5 VLC人工辅助技术的研究工作

分类	典型文献	核心方法
人工噪声	[52]	提出一路和两路人工噪声传输策略
	[53]	提出了选择人工噪声辅助的SISO策略和人工噪声辅助的MISO策略
	[54,55]	提出人工噪声辅助的预编码策略
	[56]	提出人工噪声辅助的波束成形策略
人工干扰	[57]	引入多个友好干扰节点
	[24]	引入一个干扰节点和一个智能反射镜面阵列
	[58]	引入中继节点作为干扰节点
	[59]	接收机引入干扰机和一个智能反射面

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表 6 VLC物理区域防护的研究工作

分类	典型文献	系统场景
保护区	[39]	由多个位置随机的发射机、一个典型合法用户和多个潜在的窃听者构成的VLC系统
	[43,60]	由一个固定发射机、一个服从均匀分布的合法用户和一个服从均匀分布的窃听者构成的VLC系统
	[61]	由一个源节点、一个中继节点、一个随机移动的合法用户和多个服从均匀分布的窃听者构成的电力线通信/ VLC混合网络
安全通信区	[62]	由8个LED发射机(其中4个发送有用信号，4个发送入侵信号)和一个接收机构成的VLC系统
安全通信区	[63]	由多个发射机和多个接收机构成的VLC系统
不安全区	[21]	由一个发射机、一个合法用户和一个窃听者构成的VLC系统
不安全区	[64]	由多个发射机和一个接收机构成的VLC系统
警戒区	\	VLC领域暂无相关工作

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表 7 VLC安全分集的研究工作

类型	文献	核心方法
角度分集	[70–72]	角度分集接收机、接收角动态控制、角度分集发射机
空间分集	[73–76]	多LED优化布置、IRS辅助反射、基于禁忌搜索的发射器选择

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