原型对齐与拓扑一致性约束下的多模态半监督遥感图像语义分割

韩汶杞; 蒋雯; 耿杰; 鲍衍琛

doi:10.11999/JEIT251115

原型对齐与拓扑一致性约束下的多模态半监督遥感图像语义分割

doi: 10.11999/JEIT251115 cstr: 32379.14.JEIT251115

韩汶杞^{1, 2},
蒋雯^2, ,,
耿杰²,
鲍衍琛²

1.
中国石油大学(华东)青岛软件学院、计算机科学与技术学院青岛 266580
2.
西北工业大学电子信息学院西安 710072

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金( 62571440)

详细信息

作者简介:
韩汶杞：男，讲师，研究方向为计算机视觉与多模态遥感图像语义分割

蒋雯：女，教授，研究方向为人工智能与多模态遥感图像处理

耿杰：男，副教授，研究方向为计算机视觉与多模态遥感图像处理

鲍衍琛：男，硕士生，研究方向为多模态遥感图像智能处理

通讯作者:
蒋雯　jiangwen@nwpu.edu.cn

中图分类号: TN911.73
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2025-10-22
- 修回日期: 2026-01-11
- 网络出版日期: 2026-01-13
- 刊出日期: 2025-12-10

PATC: Prototype Alignment and Topology-Consistent Pseudo-Supervision for Multimodal Semi-Supervised Semantic Segmentation of Remote Sensing Images

HAN Wenqi^{1, 2},
JIANG Wen^{2
, ,},
GENG Jie²,
BAO Yanchen²

1.
China University of Petroleum(East China) Qingdao Software College, School of Computer Science and Technology, Qingdao 266580, China
2.
Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China

Funds: The National Natural Science Foundation of China(62571440)

摘要

摘要: 在遥感图像语义分割任务中，模态异构性与标注成本高昂是制约模型性能提升的主要瓶颈。针对多模态遥感数据中标注样本有限的问题，该文提出一种原型对齐与拓扑一致性约束下的多模态半监督遥感图像语义分割方法。该方法以未标注的SAR图像为辅助信息，构建教师-学生框架，引入多模态类别原型对齐机制与拓扑一致性伪监督策略，以提升融合特征的判别性与结构稳定性。首先，构建光学与SAR模态的共享语义原型，并通过对比损失实现跨模态语义一致性学习；其次，设计基于持久同调理论的拓扑损失，从结构层面优化伪标签质量，有效缓解伪监督过程中的拓扑破坏问题。在公开数据集WHU-OPT-SAR数据集以及自建数据集Suzhou数据集两个多模态遥感数据集上的实验结果表明，该方法在标注不足条件下仍具备优异的分割性能与良好的泛化能力。
- 半监督学习 /
- 语义分割 /
- 多模态融合 /
- 多模态遥感图像
Abstract: Objective The high annotation cost of remote sensing data and the heterogeneity between optical and SAR modalities limit the performance and scalability of semantic segmentation systems. This study examines a practical semi-supervised setting where only a small set of paired optical–SAR samples is labeled, whereas numerous single-modality SAR images remain unlabeled. The objective is to design a semi-supervised multimodal framework capable of learning discriminative and topology-consistent fused representations under sparse labels by aligning cross-modal semantics and preserving structural coherence through pseudo-supervision. The proposed Prototype Alignment and Topology Consistent (PATC) method aims to achieve robust land-cover segmentation on challenging multimodal datasets, improving region-level accuracy and connectivity-aware structure quality. Methods PATC adopts a teacher–student framework that exploits limited labeled optical–SAR pairs and abundant unlabeled SAR data. A shared semantic prototype space is first constructed to reduce modality gaps, where class prototypes are updated with a momentum mechanism for stability. A prototype-level contrastive alignment strategy enhances intra-class compactness and inter-class separability, guiding optical and SAR features of the same category to cluster around unified prototypes and improving cross-modal semantic consistency. To preserve structural integrity, a topology-consistent pseudo-supervision mechanism is incorporated. Inspired by persistent homology, a topology-aware loss constrains the teacher-generated pseudo-labels by penalizing errors such as incorrect formation or removal of connected components and holes. This structural constraint complements pixel-wise losses by maintaining boundary continuity and fine structures (e.g., roads and rivers), ensuring that pseudo-supervised learning remains geometrically and topologically coherent. Results and Discussions Experiments show that PATC reduces cross-modal semantic misalignment and topology degradation. By regularizing pseudo-labels with a topology-consistent loss derived from persistent homology, the method preserves connectivity and boundary integrity, especially for thin or fragmented structures. Evaluations on the WHU-OPT-SAR and Suzhou datasets demonstrate consistent improvements over state-of-the-art fully supervised and semi-supervised baselines under 1/16, 1/8, and 1/4 label regimes (Fig. 4, Fig. 5, Fig. 6; Table 3, Table 4). Ablation studies confirm the complementary roles of prototype alignment and topology regularization (Table 5). The findings indicate that unlabeled SAR data provides structural priors that, when used through topology-aware consistency and prototype-level alignment, substantially enhance multimodal fusion under sparse annotation. Conclusions This study proposes PATC, a multimodal semi-supervised semantic segmentation method that addresses limited annotations, modality misalignment, and weak generalization. PATC constructs multimodal semantic prototypes in a shared feature subspace and applies prototype-level contrastive learning to improve cross-modal consistency and feature discriminability. A topology-consistent loss based on persistent homology further regularizes the student network, improving the connectivity and structural stability of segmentation results. By incorporating structural priors from unlabeled SAR data within a teacher-student framework with EMA updates, PATC achieves robust multimodal feature fusion and accurate segmentation under scarce labels. Future work will expand topology-based pseudo-supervision to broader multimodal configurations and integrate active learning to refine pseudo-label quality.
- Semi-supervised learning /
- Semantic segmentation /
- Multimodal fusion /
- Multimodal remote sensing

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图 1 语义分割中拓扑结构中断与连通性示意图

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图 2 原型对齐与拓扑一致性约束下的多模态半监督遥感图像语义分割方法框架图

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图 3 不同阈值下拓扑结构演化与拓扑损失匹配机制示意图

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图 4 WHU-OPT-SAR多模态遥感数据集图像示例

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图 5 Suzhou多模态遥感数据集图像示例

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图 6 不同方法在Suzhou数据集上的可视化结果对比

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表 1 WHU-OPT-SAR 数据集的训练集与测试集图像数量

标注数据比例	训练集		测试集
标注数据比例	有标注	无标注	有标注
1/4	1408	4224	1408
1/8	704	4928	1408
1/16	352	5280	1408

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表 2 Suzhou数据集的训练集与测试集图像数量

标注数据比例	训练集		测试集
标注数据比例	有标注	无标注	有标注
1/4	124	372	125
1/8	62	434	125
1/16	31	465	125

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表 3 不同方法在不同标注比例下在WHU-OPT-SAR 数据集上的性能对比(%)

方法	1/16			1/8			1/4
方法	mIoU	FWIoU	OA	mIoU	FWIoU	OA	mIoU	FWIoU	OA
MCANet	38.34	61.40	75.66	43.07	64.28	77.84	48.21	67.11	79.89
CMX	38.92	62.27	76.39	43.55	65.46	78.92	51.28	68.51	80.93
Dformer	35.72	60.78	75.29	40.20	62.42	76.5	44.99	65.74	78.93
Sigma	32.07	58.83	73.66	37.79	62.14	76.22	41.36	64.04	77.62
PATC(w/o SAR)	43.85	65.31	78.74	48.3	67.54	80.29	52.68	69.6	81.67
ST++	46.74	66.71	79.72	52.28	69.39	81.54	55.64	71.21	82.88
MPRFN	46.76	66.47	79.45	48.70	67.96	80.59	54.29	70.28	82.13
PATC	53.08	69.68	81.87	54.99	70.77	82.55	56.46	72.00	83.44

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表 4 不同方法在不同标注比例下在Suzhou 数据集上的性能对比(%)

方法	1/16			1/8			1/4
方法	mIoU	FWIoU	OA	mIoU	FWIoU	OA	mIoU	FWIoU	OA
MCANet	49.50	56.74	71.58	54.79	64.68	77.44	56.76	66.59	78.91
CMX	52.12	59.46	73.57	59.99	67.90	79.62	61.97	69.65	81.01
Dformer	43.74	51.82	67.75	51.12	58.55	72.97	56.86	63.74	76.83
Sigma	40.75	49.74	65.46	47.52	55.77	70.20	51.49	59.22	73.05
PATC(w/o SAR)	58.15	64.43	77.27	60.99	69.12	80.71	64.21	71.06	82.07
ST++	56.76	66.59	78.91	63.81	70.74	81.83	65.25	71.58	82.48
MPRFN	58.90	64.98	77.70	63.47	70.85	81.82	64.58	71.35	82.21
PATC	60.37	68.69	80.39	64.60	71.26	82.22	67.68	73.54	83.82

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表 5 各损失项与半监督策略对模型性能的影响分析(%)

半监督学习	$ \mathcal{L}\mathrm{_p} $	$ \mathcal{L}\mathrm{_t} $	水体	林地	农田	道路	建筑物	未利用土地	mIoU	FWIoU	OA
			89.56	29.12	83.34	38.09	74.49	51.35	60.99	69.12	80.71
√	√		89.15	36.65	83.96	42.47	72.35	53.08	62.94	70.01	81.1
√		√	89.03	38.17	84.24	41.36	73.71	52.45	63.16	70.24	81.5
√	√	√	90.23	36.38	84.82	47.15	75.05	54.01	64.60	71.26	82.22

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表 6 各模型复杂度与运算效率分析

方法	平均训练时间(s)	参数总量(M)	浮点运算次数(G)
CMX	201.1	49.65	57.44
Sigma	205.8	60.60	71.71
MPRFN	322.5	88.11	101.07
本文方法	221.6	74.82	79.15

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