用于5G超可靠低时延通信的LDPC码截断NMS列表译码算法

张小军; 宋鑫; 高健; 密永豪; 牛凯

doi:10.11999/JEIT250853

用于5G超可靠低时延通信的LDPC码截断NMS列表译码算法

doi: 10.11999/JEIT250853 cstr: 32379.14.JEIT250853

张小军¹,
宋鑫¹,
高健^2, ,,
密永豪¹,
牛凯³

1.
山东科技大学电子信息工程学院青岛 266590
2.
山东科技大学济南校区济南 250031
3.
北京邮电大学泛网无线通信教育部重点实验室北京 100876

基金项目: 国家重点研发计划(2022ZD0119501)，山东省自然科学基金(ZR2022LZH001)

详细信息

作者简介:
张小军：男，副教授，研究方向为数字集成电路设计、深度学习以及信道编码

宋鑫：男，硕士研究生，研究方向为AI-RAN、深度学习以及信道编码

高健：男，讲师，研究方向为AI-RAN、智能信号处理以及信道编码

密永豪：男，硕士研究生，研究方向为数字集成电路设计、深度学习以及信道编码

牛凯：男，教授，研究方向为信道编码理论及应用、语义通信、宽带无线通信

通讯作者:
高健　JianGao@sdust.edu.cn

中图分类号: TN911.22
计量
- 文章访问数: 12
- HTML全文浏览量: 2
- PDF下载量: 1
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 修回日期: 2026-02-24
- 录用日期: 2026-02-24
- 网络出版日期: 2026-03-06

A Clipped NMS List Decoding Algorithm of LDPC Codes for 5G URLLC

1.
College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
2.
Shandong University of Science and Technology, Jinan Campus, Jinan 250031, China
3.
Key Laboratory of Universal Wireless Communications, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China

Funds: National Key Research and Development Program of China (2022ZD0119501)，Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (ZR2022LZH001)

摘要

摘要: 低密度奇偶校验码(Low-Density Parity-Check Codes, LDPC)译码器的输入是由接收信号转换而来的对数似然比，译码器的性能对输入敏感。在实际无线通信系统中，由于环境的变化，信道容易受到突发干扰，这些干扰会打乱译码器的输入分布从而导致性能损失。为了解决上述问题，本文提出了一种面向5G URLLC场景的LDPC码限幅归一化最小和列表译码算法。该算法通过复用空闲处理单元来生成多条译码路径，并根据输入分布为每条路径配备独立的限幅器以平滑突发干扰，在不增加硬件开销的情况下提升了译码器在干扰信道上的性能。实验表明，相较于单限幅分层NMS算法，该算法实现了0.5 dB左右的增益，并且处理单元的利用率平均提高了69%。
- 5G URLLC /
- 突发干扰 /
- 限幅器 /
- 归一化最小和 /
- 列表译码
Abstract: Objective As one of the coding schemes in the fifth-generation (5G) wireless communication systems, Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) codes can achieve performance close to the Shannon limit through iterative decoding. However, in practical wireless transmission environments, the decoding performance of LDPC codes is susceptible to burst interference in wireless channels. The NMS decoding algorithm is highly sensitive to the distribution characteristics of input log-likelihood ratios (LLRs). Burst interference will cause LLRs to deviate from the Gaussian distribution, resulting in degradation in decoding performance. Meanwhile, 5G LDPC decoders are often equipped with a fixed number of processing units (PEs) according to the maximum lifting size to cover the full code length range. In URLLC (Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communications) short code transmission scenarios, the lifting size is much smaller than the maximum lifting size, leading to long-term idleness of a large number of processing units and insufficient utilization of hardware resources. To address the above issues, this paper proposes a Clipped Normalized Min-Sum List (CNMSL) decoding algorithm. By co-designing burst interference smoothing and idle resource reuse, it improves hardware resource utilization while enhancing decoding performance. Methods The statistical characteristics of LLRs over AWGN and interference channels are first analyzed, and the negative impact of burst interference on decoding performance is qualitatively illustrated to stem from the increased proportion of saturated LLRs induced by such interference. Next, the correlation between the optimal clipping threshold and channel noise variance, burst interference variance as well as burst probability is verified, which converges to a finite interval, the optimal threshold interval, when channel parameters undergo limited variations. On this basis, the CNMSL decoding algorithm is proposed. This algorithm constructs a list decoding architecture by reusing idle processing units in 5G LDPC decoders, where each decoding path performs independent and synchronous decoding to generate candidate codewords, and the optimal decoding result is screened out via CRC check. Meanwhile, an independent clipper is configured for each path with parameters set according to the optimal threshold interval, thereby effectively suppressing and mitigating the adverse effects of burst interference. Results and Discussions Experimental results show that the layered NMS algorithm almost fails to decode over interference channels without clipping mechanism. With a single clipping threshold, the algorithm works normally, and its BLER exhibits a convex-down trend of first decreasing and then increasing as the clipping threshold reduces. Under various channel conditions for both short and long codes, the single-clipping layered NMS algorithm with a clipping threshold of 3.5 achieves a gain of about 1 dB at $ BLER={10}^{-2} $ compared with that of 10, and the CNMSL algorithm further yields an additional gain of about 0.5 dB relative to the single-clipping NMS algorithm. In terms of hardware efficiency, when the lifting factor is less than 192, the PE utilization of the CNMSL algorithm is significantly higher than that of the layered NMS algorithm, with more remarkable improvement as the lifting factor decreases, and the average PE utilization of the CNMSL algorithm is increased by 69% compared with the layered NMS algorithm. Conclusions The CNMSL decoding algorithm is proposed in this paper, aiming to improve the error correction performance of the traditional layered NMS decoding algorithm over interference channels. By reusing idle PEs for list decoding to generate multiple candidate paths, the algorithm incurs no additional hardware overhead. In addition, an optimal threshold interval is defined to configure the clipper for each decoding path, which limits the proportion of saturated LLRs and makes the input LLRs follow a Gaussian or near-Gaussian distribution. Experimental results show that compared with the layered NMS decoding algorithm with a single clipper, the proposed CNMSL algorithm achieves a gain of approximately 0.5 dB for both short and long codes. Meanwhile, it increases the PE utilization by an average of 69%.
- 5G URLLC /
- Burst interference /
- Clipper /
- Normalized Min-Sum /
- List decoding.

HTML全文

图 1 分层译码示意图

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 均匀量化器示意图

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 码字(1536，864)在加性高斯白噪声信道和突发干扰信道下的LLR分布对比

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 4 CNMSL译码算法架构

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 5 各信噪比下不同限幅阈值$ U $的误块率性能

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 6 (768，288)码字下误块率性能

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 7 (1536，864)码字下误块率性能

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 8 分层NMS译码算法与CNMSL译码算法PE利用率

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

参考文献(20)

[1]	GALLAGER R. Low-density parity-check codes[J]. IRE Transactions on Information Theory, 1962, 8(1): 21–28. doi: 10.1109/TIT.1962.1057683.
[2]	周华, 李子杰. 空间耦合低密度奇偶校验码残差滑窗译码算法[J]. 电子与信息学报, 2024, 46(3): 867–874. doi: 10.11999/JEIT230288. ZHOU Hua and LI Zijie. Residual sliding window decoding algorithm for spatially-coupled low-density parity-check codes[J]. Journal of Electronics & Information Technology, 2024, 46(3): 867–874. doi: 10.11999/JEIT230288.
[3]	ETSI. 5G NR: 3GPP TS 38.212 Multiplexing and channel coding[S]. ETSI, 2018. (查阅网上资料, 未找到本条文献出版地信息, 请确认).
[4]	LU Teng, HE Xuan, KANG Peng, et al. Parity-check matrix partitioning for efficient layered decoding of QC-LDPC codes[J]. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 2023, 71(6): 3207–3220. doi: 10.1109/TCOMM.2023.3261380.
[5]	张国华, 秦煜, 娄蒙娟, 等. 围长为8的较大列重准循环低密度奇偶校验码的行重普适代数构造[J]. 电子与信息学报, 2024, 46(7): 3019–3025. doi: 10.11999/JEIT231111. ZHANG Guohua, QIN Yu, LOU Mengjuan, et al. Row-weight universal algebraic constructions of Girth-8 quasi-cyclic low-density parity-check codes with large column weights[J]. Journal of Electronics & Information Technology, 2024, 46(7): 3019–3025. doi: 10.11999/JEIT231111.
[6]	FOSSORIER M P C, MIHALJEVIC M, and IMAI H. Reduced complexity iterative decoding of low-density parity check codes based on belief propagation[J]. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 1999, 47(5): 673–680. doi: 10.1109/26.768759.
[7]	KIM J S and SONG H Y. Reduced complexity decoding algorithm of LDPC codes using node elimination[C]. 2006 10th IEEE Singapore International Conference on Communication Systems, Singapore, Singapore, 2006: 1–3. doi: 10.1109/ICCS.2006.301432.
[8]	CHEN Jinghu and FOSSORIER M P C. Near optimum universal belief propagation based decoding of low-density parity check codes[J]. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 2002, 50(3): 406–414. doi: 10.1109/26.990903.
[9]	GOLDBERGER J and KFIR H. Serial schedules for belief-propagation: Analysis of convergence time[J]. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 2008, 54(3): 1316–1319. doi: 10.1109/TIT.2007.915702.
[10]	TIAN Kuangda and WANG Hao. A novel base graph based static scheduling scheme for layered decoding of 5G LDPC codes[J]. IEEE Communications Letters, 2022, 26(7): 1450–1453. doi: 10.1109/LCOMM.2022.3171658.
[11]	SHAH N and VASAVADA Y. Neural layered decoding of 5G LDPC codes[J]. IEEE Communications Letters, 2021, 25(11): 3590–3593. doi: 10.1109/LCOMM.2021.3113610.
[12]	周华, 周鸣, 张立康. 低密度奇偶校验码正则化神经网络归一化最小和译码算法[J]. 电子与信息学报, 2025, 47(5): 1486–1493. doi: 10.11999/JEIT240860. ZHOU Hua, ZHOU Ming, and ZHANG Likang. Regularized neural network-based normalized min-sum decoding for LDPC codes[J]. Journal of Electronics & Information Technology, 2025, 47(5): 1486–1493. doi: 10.11999/JEIT240860.
[13]	ZHAO Shancheng, MA Xiao, and BAI Baoming. Decoding algorithms for binary LDPC coded Gaussian interference channels[C]. 2013 IEEE/CIC International Conference on Communications in China (ICCC), Xi’an, China, 2013: 39–43. doi: 10.1109/ICCChina.2013.6671086.
[14]	TSENG D F and LIN Shishun. Robust low density parity check decoding over Markov Gaussian channels[C]. 2019 IEEE 89th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2019-Spring), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 2019: 1–5. doi: 10.1109/VTCSpring.2019.8746326.
[15]	NAKAGAWA H, UMEHARA D, DENNO S, et al. A decoding for low density parity check codes over impulsive noise channels[C]. International Symposium on Power Line Communications and Its Applications, Vancouver, Canada, 2005: 85–89. doi: 10.1109/ISPLC.2005.1430471.
[16]	XU Zhijiang, MENG Limin, GANG Li, et al. A decoding algorithm for low-density parity-check codes in impulse noise environment[C]. 2008 Third International Conference on Communications and Networking in China, Hangzhou, China, 2008: 922–925. doi: 10.1109/CHINACOM.2008.4685174.
[17]	ZHANG Yifan, CAO Qiang, WANG Shaohua, et al. HF-LDPC: HLS-friendly QC-LDPC FPGA decoder with high throughput and flexibility[C]. 2023 IEEE 41st International Conference on Computer Design (ICCD), Washington, USA, 2023: 566–573. doi: 10.1109/ICCD58817.2023.00091.
[18]	ZHONG Xinyu, GONG Shuaicong, JIANG Ming, et al. Low-latency high-throughput decoder of QC-LDPC codes by matrix splitting[C]. 2024 16th International Conference on Wireless Communications and Signal Processing (WCSP), Hefei, China, 2024: 13–17. doi: 10.1109/WCSP62071.2024.10827659.
[19]	NADAL J and BAGHDADI A. Parallel and flexible 5G LDPC decoder architecture targeting FPGA[J]. IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems, 2021, 29(6): 1141–1151. doi: 10.1109/TVLSI.2021.3072866.
[20]	KUDEKAR S, RICHARDSON T, and IYENGAR A R. Analysis of saturated belief propagation decoding of low-density parity-check codes[J]. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 2017, 63(9): 5734–5751. doi: 10.1109/TIT.2017.2723484.